Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Case Analysis - Essay Example These are perceived as the depictions that have seized them, altering their psychological composition into something damaging to their wellbeing, and yet, advanced by society. For instance, it appears to be slender is an objective to a large number of females, and as Susan Bordo indicates, it is the consequence of advertisements and a public representation of females sustaining a number of roles, including that of the sexually suppressed and that of server. Generally, Hunger as Ideology highlights her significant attempt to uncover, educate, and illustrate past and current behaviors, eating habits, and social influences on both males and females. This paper is a case analysis of Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology. The paper will highlight my views in support of the ideas from the article. Also, the paper will make use of three evidences of advertising and several quotes from the article to support the ideas. Bordo asserts, â€Å"Mass imagery has an unprecedented power to instruct.† This means that the capacity to broaden influence to a mass produces expected outcomes, outcomes which recommend the correct way, the only way, which is usually the most widespread influenced way. She goes on to claim, â€Å"Women with their eating disorders bring photos of ultra-thin models to their therapists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bordo 140). This is seen as the ideal explanation of mass produced views of ideology. The notion of utilizing magazine pictures of the ultra slim models as stimulators for contentment is the in thing, for example, the Fire and Ice advertisement which contained a questionnare aking women if they were made for Fire and Ice. In the part, Food and Love, the author illustrates how females display their affection for others by preparing dinner or baking for other people. For example, the use of the catchphrase â€Å"Nothing says ‘Cookie, I love you’ like Nestle’s Toll House Cookies Do.† is employed to emphasize this point (Bordo 159). Even though

[Political Economy] Derive Classical theorist Marx vs. Smith view to Essay

[Political Economy] Derive Classical theorist Marx vs. Smith view to analyze current political issues. Choose a News (from WSJ) - Essay Example Moreover, Karl Marx is a renowned Communist while Adam Smith is associated with Classical ideologies. Therefore, adequate analysis of articles will sufficiently bring out the difference between the two theorists regarding current trends in the society. Moreover, the essay will assess the debate between the different classes of thought Marx and Smith represent. To reflect claims above, the article in wall street journal titled, Politics Counts: the Red/Blue Retail Divide approaches issues affecting the rapid expansion of United States economy. United States is a two party state, which comprises of Democrats and Republicans. This article replicates that consumption of goods and services from the party supporters differs greatly. Consumer subcultures has diversified so much that it threatens communal coexistence in the country. Democrats and Republicans have adopted different ways of shopping which if not curbed early will threaten mutual understanding. From this article, Marx and Smith ideologies clash. America is a democratic state so every civilian has a right to engage in activities wanted as long as it does not ruin stability in the country. Adam Smith emphasizes on free market whereas Marx articulates economy where a ruling class should not exploit the proletariats. From this, allowing the party supporters to shop differently will aggravate political animosity in the country. Smith argues that free trade leads to increased economic prosperity while on the other hand Marx argues that allowing free trade and competition will lead to exploitation of workers by employers rendering them powerless. Conversely, labor should be part of the final product and employers need to conquer to step up free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class (Theriault 37). The Wall Street also carried out an article putting Some Facts in the Tax-the-Rich Debate. This article emphasizes on tax fairness between the rich and the poor. For economic stability, the rich should be taxed a higher amount than the poor civilians. However, this sparked a debate between political elites among them president Obama who seconded the idea. This article has created a clash between classical and liberal theorists. Smith propagates on political economy where he says both political and economic systems should be integrated together to achieve political stability. He bestows all powers to political elites and entrusts them the privilege to make policies governing economic activities. Marx’s ideologies are against political economy because it concentrates property and power to a few individuals, which leads to classes for instance propertied and propertyless .Taxing the rich more than the poor will reduce the gap between the propertied and the propertyless in the society therefore, economic development will improve enabling all people access goods and services. There are classes in the world whereby the oppressed struggles to free themselves from the oppressors that make society â€Å"a manifold gradation of social rank† (Marx 14). The Wall street journal carried an article, States Get Say in Health Law. President Obama’s administration changed health policies, which will screen insurers’ considerations when charging insurance covers. Employer groups praised

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk1 Essay

Statistics for Managers Class Discussion wk1 - Essay Example Two separate samples were used in the study. The total number of women and girls in the study are 2657 and 1008 respectively (Wiley, 2011). After the analysis, it was established that the association between the occurrence of milk intake of infants aged between 5-12 years and age at the first occurrence of menstruation was weak. There are numerous instances where statistics has been used in business. For instance, Barger King used information gathered from customers to determine their buying trends and preferences. This information was obtained from their credit cards as they are always required to provide their private information. The company successfully managed to gather information from their credit cards. The impact of their statistics is that they managed to improve their sales (Anderson, Sweeney & Williams, 2012). After obtaining relevant information, the company identified areas with many potential customers and their preferences. One of the true values of statistics in business is the operational value. Numerous organizations depend on IT systems to control data, ease payment process and run operations. Unpredicted logjams can take place when IT runs an essential system improvement. It means that the execution will stop and momentarily preventing business from operating efficiently. To solve this problem, organizations use IT systems with statistical procedures to determine the probable cause of the bottlenecks before their operations are interrupted. Other operational advantages of statistics include correct demand estimation and satisfactory inventory

A Comparison of Classical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorist

A Comparison of Classical Management Theorists and Contingency Theorists The management field is characterised by a wide variety of theories, schools and directions. This essay examines the classical and contingency schools of thought -- the approaches to organization that have had the greatest impact on management today. Firstly the essay delineates and criticises the important theories propounded by classical writers. The essay continues with an account of the contingency school, and finally evaluates its impacts on managerial thought. Up until about the late 1950s academic writing about organisational structure was dominated by the classical management school. This held that there was a single organisational structure that was effective in all organisations. (Clegg & Handy, 1999). According to Holt (1999), the classical school is characterised by ?being highly structured, with emphasis on the formal organisation with clearly defined functions and detailed rules, autocratic leadership, a rigid chain of command and control by superiors? (Holt, 1999, p.137). The three greatest proponents of classical theory were Taylor, Fayol, and Weber. Each identifies detailed principles and methods through which this kind of organisation could be achieved. Taylor (1947) developed a systematic approach to called ?Scientific Management?, which focused on efficient production. Through the study of task movements, or ?time and motion studies? as it was known, he recognized matching the correct worker to the task was crucial to increasing work efficiency. Under this so-called Taylorism, emphasis is placed on power confered to those in control. According to Morgan (1997), this approach to work design is found in traditional forms of assembly-line manufacturing and in production processes. Another major sub-field within the classical perspective is ?Administrative Management,? set forth by Fayol (1949). While Scientific Management took a micro approach, Fayol saw the macro concepts, a body of knowledge which emphasised broad administrative principles applicable to large organizations. In Fayol?s account, management is conceptualised as consisting of five elements, namely planning, organizing, command, co-ordination, and control. He also developed 14 principles of management or organisation, the best-known being division of work, unit... ...ure. Academy of Management Journal, 25 (3), 553-566. Luthans, F. (1973). The Contingency Theory of Management: A path out of the jungle. Business Horizons, 6, 67-72 Meyer, M.W. (1972). Size and the structure of organizations: A causal analysis, American Sociological Review, 37, 434-441. Pugh, D., Hickson, D., Hinings, R. & Turner, C. (1969). The context of organization structures. Administrative Science Quarterly 14:91-114. Pugh, D. & Hickson, D. (1996). Writers on organisations. London: Penguin. Robbins, S. & Barnwell, N. (2002). Organisation Theory: Concepts and cases. Victoria, Australia: Pentice Hall. Taylor, F.W. (1947). Scientific Management, Harper & Row. Watz, T. (1996). Technology rules OK? A review of technological determinism and contingency theory. Creativity and Innovation Management, 5(1) 13-21. Weber, M. (1947). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. A.H. Henderson and Talcott Parsons (eds.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press. Woodward, J. (1980). Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice, second edition. New York: Oxford University Press --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Pugh et al.

Mathematical Interpretations of Keynes’s General Theory

IntroductionMany changes had occurred in the last century in every science. Economics was not the exception and a transformation into the theoretical approach took place in the 30s. In 1936 Keynes published â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†. Its main ideas set the foundations of macroeconomics and had influenced economics since.Unfortunately, Keynes had (and has) a bad reputation as a writer, because of this there has been constant analysis and interpretations of what he meant. Economists affirmed that Keynes’s innovating work, as any new approach, had some â€Å"inconsistencies†. Further, the book had small use of mathematics and, thus, had small proof of what it stated. Therefore, these ideas need interpretation and testing into the â€Å"real world†.Keynes Main IdeasKriesler and Nevile (2000) define the book’s main points as follows:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦in a capitalist economy employment, and hence unemployment, is determin ed by effective demand [†¦] decisions about production and investment are made on the basis of expectations†, and â€Å"monetary variables influence real variables such as output and employment and real variables, in turn, influence monetary ones.†One of the most daunting tasks was to set up a mathematical foundation of the cited Keynes’s works. The most important economists who performed this job were, in a â€Å"crossed fertilization process† as Heller (2000) points it, Roy Harrod, James Meade and mainly John Hicks. In fact, in 1937 Hicks published an influential article, â€Å"Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A suggested interpretation† that rapidly became the standard of Keynesian economics theory.Mathematical FoundationsThe Keynes’s ideas stated in the paragraphs above turned â€Å"into simple mathematical models of the macro-economy; [and] the most long-lived and flexible, the â€Å"IS-LM model†, came from John R. Hicks† (Morgan 2001). Despite that, some authors suggest that Harrod and Meade had inspired the IS-LM model proposed by Hicks (Young, qt. in Heller, 2002)[1]. Others suggest that Champernowne and Reddaway also had some contribution into the model’s formalization (Barens 1998, qt in Heller, 2002)Besides the multiple interpretations of Keynes’s work, Hicks’ one remains as one of the most important.As pointed by Heller (2000), the models proposed as explanations had similar expressions which are systems of simultaneous equations. And the mathematical formulation’s success of Keynes’s General Theory is because of the â€Å"mathematical elegance† and the exact nature of systems of simultaneous equations, which many consider alike; and particularly to Hicks who was the only one in representing the theory through diagrams. (Heller, 2002)As pointed, Harrod was another economist who performed a mathematical foundation for Keynes’s work. According to him, Keynes system corrects the traditional theory; allowing the Income level to be not given, the price level does not depend on the money, and money demand is divided in two. Due to all of this Harrod states that Keynes system is better than the traditional one. Keynes had a very positive view of Harrod’s development of his own work, which Harrods presented in the same conference where Hicks did. Hence, Keynes thought that Harrod works interpreted correctly his own ideas.But these authors’ success in interpreting Keynes’s ideas is not free of detractors. Kriesler and Nevile (2000) made a clear stand of this: economists reject the â€Å"IS-LM framework as being neither a valid simplification of the arguments in the General Theory nor a reliable model for analyzing macroeconomic issues.† Economists think the IS-LM model ignores expectations and it is not useful to analyze a particular economy beside the static equilibrium[2]. They also affirm that Hicks t ook Keynesian macroeconomics to another direction from the one intended by the work’s author.   The same authors assert that Keynes’s own vision on Hicks model â€Å"did have the faults that post Keynesians typically ascribe to IS-LM.†[3]ConclusionKeynes’s work and the posterior mathematical development gave, to governments and to economists, answers that can be easily explained and understood by everyone only using analytical tools as diagrams or simple mathematics. What is more, those ideas were beyond the economic â€Å"common sense† of the time: governments can spend during depressions.  Affirming if these formalizations of the model are what Keynes’s work pointed might be intimidating. Regardless of this and the different views, Hicks simplification and formalization of the model is useful, and catches the spirit of the work. As any first interpretation improvements were (and still are) made but the first task was accomplished.Refer encesHeller, Claudia, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money According to Brian Reddaway Economia em Revista, Vol. 10, pp. 15-32, 2002Heller, Claudia, The ‘General Theory' Synthesis According to Roy Harrod in ‘Mr. Keynes and Traditional Theory’, Revista de Economia (Curitiba), Vol. 23, pp. 27-49, 2000Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (New York: Prometheus Books, 1997).Morgan, Mary, The formation of â€Å"Modern† Economics: Engineering and Ideology, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, May 2001, Available at ;http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/home.aspx;[1] Young proposed that to call it the â€Å"IS-LM Harrod-Meade† model. [2] It is important to make clear that many have pointed rational expectations as one of the inconsistencies in Keynes’s work. [3] Post Keynesian economists main critic to the IS-LM model is its static equilibrium nature, thus has no means to de al economy’s path of adjustment.

Cosmology The Origin Of The Universe - 900 Words

Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe in the sense of how it comes into being. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth that explains how Earth in its entity came to be. These myths have an immense influence on people’s framework of reference. They all come from one early source and are different only because time and local cultural circumstances have embellished or altered them. Despite being separated by numerous geographical barriers; many cultures before and after Genesis have developed creation myths that share common aspects that are fundamentally derived from variations of the core theme of a God-given creation. The Bible begins with two separate creation stories, differing significantly from one another, Genesis 1 and Genesis 2. The first story runs from Genesis 1:1 through Genesis 2:3. The second story picks up at Genesis 2:4 and runs to the end of the chapter at Genesis 2:25. In the first story, creation takes six days and man and w oman are created last after all the plants and animals are created. In the second story, creation takes one day, man is created first, then proceeds the creation of all the plants and animals, and in the end woman is created. To further reiterate what some people believe Genesis 1 and 2 are no doubt contradictions based on the descriptions others have the intuition that Genesis 1 is the account of the creation of the universe and life on planet Earth as it happened in chronological order. Genesis 2 isShow MoreRelatedWestern and Eastern Cosmologies1423 Words   |  6 PagesWestern and Eastern Cosmologies According to Drew Dellinger, the word cosmology has two definitions. 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About the Roman Historian Livy

Name: Titus Livius or Livy, in EnglishDates: 59 B.C. - A.D. 17Birthplace: Patavium (Padua), Cisalpine GaulFamily: Unknown, had at least one child, a sonOccupation: Historian The Roman annalistic [year-by-year] historian Titus Livius (Livy), from Patavium (Padua, as its called in English), the area of Italy in which Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew took place, lived about 76 years, from c. 59 B.C. to c. A.D. 17. That hardly seems long enough to have finished his magnum opus, Ab Urbe Condita From the Founding of the City, a feat that has been compared with publishing one 300-page book each year for 40 years. Most of Livys 142 books on the 770-year history of Rome have been lost, but 35 survive: i-x, xxi-xlv. Division of Ab Urbe Condita Contents of Ab Urbe Condita Libri I-XLV I-V: Origins to Gallic sack of RomeVI-XV: To beginning of Punic WarsXVI-XX: First Punic WarXXI-XXX: Second Punic WarXXXI-XLV: Macedonian and Syrian Wars After dispensing with 365 years of Roman history in only five books (averaging ~73 years/book), Livy covers the rest of the history at the rate of about five years per book. Livys Morality Although were missing the contemporary portion of his history, there seems little reason to believe that Livys Ab Urbe Condita was written as an official Augustan history, aside from the fact that he was a friend of Augustus, and that morality was important to both men. Although Livys status as the official Augustan historian is debated, Paul J. Burton (following T.J. Luce, The Dating of Livys First Decade, TAPA96 (1965)) dates the start of Livys historical writing to 33 B.C. -- before the Battle of Actium and the year (27 B.C.) Octavian conventionally qualifies as emperor.Livys role in the history of literature and the theater -- for which see Heroes and Heroines of Fiction, by William Shepard Walsh -- and the visual arts, especially Botticelli, comes at least in part from Livys moral stories of The Abduction of Virginia and The Rape of Lucretia. In his preface, Livy directs the reader to read his history as a storehouse of examples for imitation and avoidance: What chiefly makes the study of history beneficial and fruitful is this, that you behold the lessons of every kind of experience as upon a famous monument; from these you may choose for your own state what to imitate, and mark for avoidance what is shameful.... Livy directs his readers to examine the morals and policies of others so that they can see how important it is to maintain standards of morality: Here are the questions to which I should like every reader to give his close attention: what life and morals were like; through what men and what policies, in peace and in war, empire was established and enlarged. Then let him note how, with the gradual relaxation of discipline, morals first subsided, as it were, then sank lower and lower, and finally began the downward plunge which has brought us to our present time, when we can endure neither our vices nor their cure. From this moral perspective, Livy depicts all non-Roman races as embodying character flaws that correspond with central Roman virtues: the Gauls are factious and headstrong, and lack staying power; while the Greeks are better at talking than fighting, and immoderate in their emotional reactions [Usher, p. 176.] Numidians are also immoderate emotionally since they are too lustful: above all barbarians the Numidians are steeped in passionsunt ante omnes barbaros Numidae effusi in venerem. [Haley] Historical Evaluation of Livy With history as his vehicle, Livy displays his rhetorical flair and literary style. He engages the attention of the listening audience through speeches or emotive description. Occasionally Livy sacrifices chronology to variety. He rarely explores contradictory versions of an event but selects with an eye to championing Romes national virtues. Livy acknowledged a lack of contemporary written records from which to verify facts from Romes beginnings. Sometimes he mistranslated Greek literary sources. Without a background in practical military affairs or politics, his reliability in these areas is limited. However, Livy supplies myriad mundane details that are unavailable elsewhere, and, therefore, he is the most important source for Roman general history for the period to the end of the Republic. Sources Include: Stephen Usher, The Historians of Greece and Rome The Last Republican Historian: A New Date for the Composition of Livys First PentadPaul J. BurtonHistoria: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Bd. 49, H. 4 (4th Qtr., 2000), pp. 429-446. ï » ¿Livy, Passion, and Cultural StereotypesS. P. HaleyHistoria: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Bd. 39, H. 3 (1990), pp. 375-381