About the Roman Historian Livy

Name: Titus Livius or Livy, in EnglishDates: 59 B.C. - A.D. 17Birthplace: Patavium (Padua), Cisalpine GaulFamily: Unknown, had at least one child, a sonOccupation: Historian The Roman annalistic [year-by-year] historian Titus Livius (Livy), from Patavium (Padua, as its called in English), the area of Italy in which Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew took place, lived about 76 years, from c. 59 B.C. to c. A.D. 17. That hardly seems long enough to have finished his magnum opus, Ab Urbe Condita From the Founding of the City, a feat that has been compared with publishing one 300-page book each year for 40 years. Most of Livys 142 books on the 770-year history of Rome have been lost, but 35 survive: i-x, xxi-xlv. Division of Ab Urbe Condita Contents of Ab Urbe Condita Libri I-XLV I-V: Origins to Gallic sack of RomeVI-XV: To beginning of Punic WarsXVI-XX: First Punic WarXXI-XXX: Second Punic WarXXXI-XLV: Macedonian and Syrian Wars After dispensing with 365 years of Roman history in only five books (averaging ~73 years/book), Livy covers the rest of the history at the rate of about five years per book. Livys Morality Although were missing the contemporary portion of his history, there seems little reason to believe that Livys Ab Urbe Condita was written as an official Augustan history, aside from the fact that he was a friend of Augustus, and that morality was important to both men. Although Livys status as the official Augustan historian is debated, Paul J. Burton (following T.J. Luce, The Dating of Livys First Decade, TAPA96 (1965)) dates the start of Livys historical writing to 33 B.C. -- before the Battle of Actium and the year (27 B.C.) Octavian conventionally qualifies as emperor.Livys role in the history of literature and the theater -- for which see Heroes and Heroines of Fiction, by William Shepard Walsh -- and the visual arts, especially Botticelli, comes at least in part from Livys moral stories of The Abduction of Virginia and The Rape of Lucretia. In his preface, Livy directs the reader to read his history as a storehouse of examples for imitation and avoidance: What chiefly makes the study of history beneficial and fruitful is this, that you behold the lessons of every kind of experience as upon a famous monument; from these you may choose for your own state what to imitate, and mark for avoidance what is shameful.... Livy directs his readers to examine the morals and policies of others so that they can see how important it is to maintain standards of morality: Here are the questions to which I should like every reader to give his close attention: what life and morals were like; through what men and what policies, in peace and in war, empire was established and enlarged. Then let him note how, with the gradual relaxation of discipline, morals first subsided, as it were, then sank lower and lower, and finally began the downward plunge which has brought us to our present time, when we can endure neither our vices nor their cure. From this moral perspective, Livy depicts all non-Roman races as embodying character flaws that correspond with central Roman virtues: the Gauls are factious and headstrong, and lack staying power; while the Greeks are better at talking than fighting, and immoderate in their emotional reactions [Usher, p. 176.] Numidians are also immoderate emotionally since they are too lustful: above all barbarians the Numidians are steeped in passionsunt ante omnes barbaros Numidae effusi in venerem. [Haley] Historical Evaluation of Livy With history as his vehicle, Livy displays his rhetorical flair and literary style. He engages the attention of the listening audience through speeches or emotive description. Occasionally Livy sacrifices chronology to variety. He rarely explores contradictory versions of an event but selects with an eye to championing Romes national virtues. Livy acknowledged a lack of contemporary written records from which to verify facts from Romes beginnings. Sometimes he mistranslated Greek literary sources. Without a background in practical military affairs or politics, his reliability in these areas is limited. However, Livy supplies myriad mundane details that are unavailable elsewhere, and, therefore, he is the most important source for Roman general history for the period to the end of the Republic. Sources Include: Stephen Usher, The Historians of Greece and Rome The Last Republican Historian: A New Date for the Composition of Livys First PentadPaul J. BurtonHistoria: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Bd. 49, H. 4 (4th Qtr., 2000), pp. 429-446. ï » ¿Livy, Passion, and Cultural StereotypesS. P. HaleyHistoria: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte, Bd. 39, H. 3 (1990), pp. 375-381

Analysis Of The Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin...

African American have been under slavery throughout 17th to 18th centuries. African American were deprived of the rights and equality. They were not free to do work on their own. They had to follow the order of white majority of the United States of America. Segregation was worst in southern part of the USA. Condition of African American in Birmingham was agonizing. To gain equal rights for African American Dr. King led a major protest, which was criticized by eight fellow clergymen, who criticized King’s act as â€Å"unwise and untimely†. In his letter, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, by Martin Luther King Jr., Dr. King present Counter argument against the eight fellow clergymen of Birmingham to persuade them to believe his argument is morally right. In response to clergymen’s statement â€Å"outsiders coming in† Dr. King argues them by saying that he has been invited to Birmingham, he is in Birmingham to eradicate injustice amongst African Ame rican; King argues against clergymen who examined King’s protest to be â€Å"untimely† by saying that they waited so long for the equal rights of African American but nothing happened, so he needed to take actions; clergymen has expressed a great deal of anxiety over King’s willingness to break law, King argues against this by saying that the law he has broken are unjust law and are meant to be broken, he differentiate just law and unjust law and says that he always obey just law and disobey unjust law. In order to persuade clergymen, Dr. KingShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr: An Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail1184 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail Written by Martin Luther King Jr., the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a paragon of persuasive writing that takes advantage of ethos, pathos, and logos in order to convince its readers to take MLK’s side during the American civil rights movement. The use of ethos defines MLK as a credible writer; the use of pathos appeals to his audience on a personal level; and the use of logos layers his arguments and claims with irrefutable reasoning and logic.Read MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by fi rst directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logosRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African American people. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 Pages and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared King s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years later, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with SocratesRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1794 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. s 1963 Letter from Birm ingham Jail, a rhetorical masterpiece, was written in response to eight clergymen’s statements condemning his nonviolent direct actions. He defends the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights nonviolent, direct action against individuals, institutions, and laws that look the other way while unjust racial prejudice against African Americans runs rampant in Birmingham. Using three main appeals, Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Dr. King communicates the struggleRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1251 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law, or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.† (3) In 1963 in this particular statement made by Martin Luther King Jr. in his Letter from Birmingham Jail, he explained how man-made (white men) laws were created to persecute the black race, and how it is his duty to fight against such laws. He was the one who articul ated the progressive hope of many African Americans along with other â€Å"colored†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1499 Words   |  6 Pagescritically we become acquainted with these concepts therefore become better writers ourselves. While learning about rhetorical writing and composition we have analyzed Billy Collins â€Å" Commencement Address at Choate- Rosemary Hall† , Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"letter from Birmingham Jail† and Lloyd Bitzer’s essay on â€Å"Rhetorical Situation†. In this paper I will analyze and make connections between the concepts of audience, genre and rhetorical situation in connection to the fore-mentioned readings. In doing

Success of BMW Campaign Free Essays

The BMW campaign consisted of many major and small events which helped to market the new BMW Z3 roadster to the public. However, the question now is whether the campaign is successful in accomplishing that goal. Success of the BMW campaign can be measured in several ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Success of BMW Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, it can be measured by its objectives (whether the objectives of the campaign have been met) or by the number of pre-orders made. In this case, due to the lack of knowledge about the number of pre-orders made after each event, we will be measuring by its objectives. We have identified 5 major objectives to the campaign as shown in the case. They are: (1) to motivate and stimulate dealer network, (2) develop an Order Bank, (3) reposition BMW as stylish and fun, (4) positioning Z3 in American culture and most importantly, (5) improve BMW’s brand awareness. To see whether the objectives have been met, we shall examine each individual event carefully. Dealer Advertising and Promotions Dealers’ support for BMW Z3 is important in launching this new car to the public. With 345 dealers and only 150 display cars during the promotional period, it proved to be a challenge for this partnership to occur. However, the dealers upgraded to meet the challenge and an order bank was developed. In addition, the dealer promotional package which showcased the private screening of the Golden Eye film and car before the box office film opening proved to be very effective in raising BMW’s brand awareness. As quoted, â€Å"these events attracted great local publicity, appearing in local newspapers, and often reported on metropolitan television and radio†. Their innovative package has also help to reposition BMW as being stylish and fun, which was also a way to help improve the Z3’s standing in the American market. As such, all the objectives have been met for this event, thus proving the success and effectiveness of this event. Product Placement in Golden Eye This non-traditional method of branded entertainment, or more commonly known as product placement, in a movie was very risky, as mentioned in @@@ (benefits and risks). However, Golden Eye turned out to be a hit in the box office in America, selling $26. 2 million in ticket sales. As consumers tend to switch off their resistance mechanism to advertisements during films (O’Guinn, Allen, Semenik, 2009), consumers are being more exposed and susceptible to these subtle advertisements in Golden Eye. As the main idea of tying Z3 with James Bond was to show the fun and ‘cool’ side to the car, it was successful in achieving the objective, together with the success of the movie. As a result, there were positive reviews made by New York Times, Motor Trend Magazine and even Forbes. A more tangible result was that over 9000 Z3 was pre-booked by December 1995 compared to the projected 5000. Needless to say, product placement was the key in the success of the campaign. Neiman Marcus Christmas Catalog Neiman Marcus Catalog was a unique point-of-contact to the consumers because the products it features are usually deemed as very desirable, similar to being a wish list. As proven, 100 orders were made within two days instead of the estimated 20 units sales goal, which came as a pleasant surprise to BMW and Neiman Marcus. In fact, there were 6000 customers’ orders or waiting list applications fighting for the 100 cars. This showed that this promotion idea was effective in selling Z3 to customers. Also, BMW can reach out to more customers via the catalog distribution too. BMW Internet Site The growing usage of Internet caused the popularity of company websites to increase in 1996. With the ‘Build Your Own Roadster’ module added to the site, visitors could visualise their own car from a variety of perspectives. One main benefit was that it could communicate product features or benefits effectively since consumers can examine the virtual car closely. Also, the personalisation effect can cause the consumers to feel a certain emotional bond to the product. Consumers who had spent a lot of effort during the shopping experience would evaluate the product as more favourable and important (Cardozo, 1965). Thus, this could greatly aid in the sales of Z3, assuming that Z3 can be personalised in terms of exterior, interior and top colours too. However, since the website did not have online purchase options at that time, the website could only prove to be useful in raising brand awareness and possibly instil a ‘fun’ factor. Press Launch in Central Park. This event was a major factor in helping not only to promote Z3 as a stylish, fun car but also greatly improving brand awareness. There were extensive coverage in both broadcast and print by major network news programs which improved Z3’s brand awareness drastically. Radio DJ Program This was important in the word-of-mouth effect which had three times the effect of other programs. This buzz marketing, which is a concept of peer-to-peer program, gave rise to conversations about BMW Z3. As the DJs were chosen with care, they were ideal in helping to spread the word about BMW (Khermouch, Green, 2001). This has also helped generate awareness about Z3 as well as positioning it to be fun and stylish. Summary Certainly, these events, whether small or big, have contributed one way or another to the success of the campaign as they reinforced and built upon one another to create a better effect. However, some of the promotional activities were only effective to a certain extent due to the constraint of technology knowledge and tools in that era. Nevertheless, the campaign achieved its goal to introduce and market Z3 into the American market. How to cite Success of BMW Campaign, Papers

Physical Exercise and Psychological Wellbeing - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Physical Exercise and Psychological Wellbeing. Answer: Introduction: Depression even cause physical damage to an individual as it results in the loss of appetite and the enthusiasm to do anything. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), depression can lead to a serious health condition that might cause the affected individual to suffer and perform badly at school or work or within the family and society (Who.int, 2018). It might even lead to suicide. Close to a million people, commit suicide every year that stems from depression. In case of Mauritius, depression has been identified as a critical issue as per the Mauritius Non Communicable Diseases Survey 2015. According to the survey, 13.1% men and 19.6% women suffer from depression. The country was ranked 93 in the list of countries with most cases of depression in 2014 (Health.govmu.org, 2018). Every year, hundreds of people in the country commit suicide due to depression. It is important to understand the reason for depression but it is more important to understand the perfect remedy for this illness. Physical exercise is a very effective means to control depression and even end it. It has been found that physical exercise contributes majorly to reducing depressive symptoms amongst individuals. It might lead to the assumption that sportsperson never suffer from depression since they are most active physically but the truth is otherwise. This paper will shed light on the association between physical exercise and psychological wellbeing focusing mainly on depression and anxiety. The essay will also analyze the repercussions of depression in sports and the need to include physical exercise as a fundamental requirement in addressing this issue. Any physical activity results in the improvement of health and reduces the danger of acquiring diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even depression. According to Reiner et al., (2013), physical activity is associated with better health and it prevents the development of disease. One of the most important benefits of physical exercise is that it results in a healthier and stronger state of mind. When one is engaged in any sort of physical activity, it gives that person the chance to divert all the negative thoughts and feel relaxed. Studies around the globe have found that exercise is an exceedingly effective method to fight mental disorders like depression. Zschucke, Gaudlitz and Strhle (2013) point out that exercise or any physical activity can have therapeutic benefits when used as sole or adjunct treatment in mental disorders. Their study found that the target group with higher levels of anxiety had lower benefits of physical activity whereas those with lower levels of anxiety had better results of physical activity. However, with increased attention of physical activity, the target group showed signs of improved mental stability. In the field of sports, although physical activity is the maximum, depression and anxiety are also a common occurrence. The prime reason for depression amongst sportspersons is the regular occurrence of injuries that compel them to stay out of the field for weeks or even months. Apart from that, negative incidences in their personal life also exert influence in their minds causing stress and anxiety. Rabinowitz, Li and Levin (2014) mention that non-sports persons are more vulnerable to depression and anxiety that the sports persons. The authors put forward their argument by stating that since non-sports persons are less active physically than the sports persons; they are more likely to incur depression and anxiety. As discussed in the previous section, being psychologically healthy has a lot to do with being physically active. Psychological wellbeing refers to an individuals positive state of mind. It comprises positive relationship with the people around, self-sufficiency and development. Psychological wellbeing is achieved when an individual is able to balance between challenges and rewards that life throws at him or her. As explained by Houben, Van Den Noortgate and Kuppens (2015), psychological wellbeing allows a person to achieve difficult things in life without having to worry about the results. They further comment that psychological wellbeing is characterized by specific patterns of emotional fluctuations across time. In their view, psychological flourishing or wellbeing is evident in a person when he or she demonstrates control over his or her emotional flux. One can agree with the authors because controlling emotions is one of the toughest things to do and those who achieve that can b e considered to be psychologically sound. Carol D. Ryff was probably the first psychologist who developed a scale to measure different elements of psychological wellbeing. Popularized as The Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being, it had six main facets. These included self-acceptance, establishment of quality ties, sense of autonomy, ability to manage complex environments, pursuit of meaningful goals and sense of purpose in life and continued development and growth as individual (Ryff, 2014). These facets help explain the level of psychological wellbeing possessed by an individual. Those who score high on the scale generally have a better psychological wellbeing than those who score low. Lower scores indicate the presence of or the increase in depression and anxiety in the individual. Ryffs scale provides a solid ground from which one can understand the meaning of being psychologically well; however, it cannot be taken as the only source to understand the topic. Physical activity helps in acquiring control over many of the facets explained in Ryffs scale like sense of autonomy, managing complex environments and continued development and growth. Gladwell et al. (2013) believe that physical activity has a positive influence not only on the psychological wellbeing but also on physiological wellbeing as well. The authors state that physical activity positively influences psychological wellbeing that too within a short duration. Due to an improved psychological health, the overall wellbeing also witnesses positive results. Physical activity, states the author further, has the capacity to slow down the process of aging. In the life of sportsmen, physical activity is of utmost importance. In their cases, the influence is two-way because they dedicate a major part of their lives in physical activity and thus they have to stay psychologically balanced as well. To simplify it, sportspersons do not have to be compelled to engage in physical exercises t o attain psychological prowess rather they have to be trained to remain psychologically fit. Silveira et al. (2013), while mentioning the report of WHO on major depressive disorder (MOD), stated that physical exercise has the capacity to treat MOD without the use of antidepressant medication as suggested by most therapists. They further state that only one-fourth of the population has access to medications and treatment. Physical exercise thus provides an affordable option to the population to overcome psychological illness. In recent years, physical exercise has gained increased importance after researchers found its effectiveness in curing numerous illnesses (Crow, Jeannot Trewhela, 2015). In schools and colleges, physical exercise was given least importance, as it had nothing to do with academic excellence. Archer and Garcia (2014) argue that the negligence of primary institutions in providing a concrete solution for psychological development of youngsters result in increased number of suicides and other menaces. The authors further their argument stating that physical e xercise as a compulsory subject in schools, colleges and universities should be allotted equal significance as other subjects. VanKim and Nelson (2013) on the other hand claim that there has been an increase in the importance of physical activity in these institutions, which is evident from the participation of young males and females in gymnastics and other sports. Overall, it is extremely important to include children and youngsters within the framework of psychological wellbeing and the fight against depression and anxiety because they are the most vulnerable group. In a report published by the WHO, around 10% to 20% children are diagnosed with mental disorders around the globe (Who.int, 2018). Mental illness starts to appear in children by the age of 14 and if not treated in time, it may lead to acute condition or even suicides. These facts have prompted the scholars and educators to give due importance to physical activities that provides affordable and effective care to non-co mmunicable disease like depression. The statistics on suicides and increasing number of mental illness around the globe led several researchers to find a prominent cure to this. This led to the numerous studies on the link between physical activity and psychological wellbeing. Although most of the studies supported the assumption, it needs mentioning that excessive physical activity might even reverse the affect. Indulging in severe physical activity might cause injuries. In a news report published in The Telegraph, UK, excessive training and physical exercise may lead to the weakening of the gut lining thus causing induction of toxins and germs into the body. To add to that, it may even lead to mental ill health. Studies on excessive training have shown that the people who are addicted to long hours at the gym have the same biochemical symptoms as those with clinical depression (Telegraph.co.uk, 2018). Amongst athletes, this excessive involvement in physical exercise is termed as overtraining syndrome. Brooks and Cart er (2013) explain this syndrome as the complex occurrence in the body, which can result from several training and non-training factors. These factors might include flaws in training design, inadequate nutrition, training too much on recovery days and insufficient sleep amongst others. The influence of overtraining syndrome on psychological wellbeing can be viewed from the athletes perspective who finds it hard to recover from the stress of not being able to participate in any activity. It ultimately leads to depression, sometimes even clinical depression and other related illnesses. It therefore is evident that physical activity mostly has positive influence on the psychological wellbeing of an individual. The negative influence can be said is due to the lack of awareness regarding proper techniques and training. In the past, depression and anxiety patients were stereotyped as being mentally ill and beyond treatment. However, this notion changed gradually although not completely. Even today, those suffering from depression are designated as mad or mentally disturbed who cannot be allowed to stay with normal people. With the advancement in medical sciences, treatment for depression and anxiety has become accessible to most people but complete awareness about the illness still lacks. In the field of sports, a misconception prevails that this illness has the least impact (Hammond, Davies Su, 2015). Now, some might comment as to how does then physical activity reduce depression and anxiety as sportspersons dedicate most of their time to physical activity. The points mentioned in the previous section about the overtraining syndrome can contest this argument. Apart from that, psychological health depends on a persons personal life as well. The incidences and events happening in a players personal life can cause stress and depression. In addition, prolonged injuries also lead to weak psychological conditions amongst players. Owen et al. (2015) present this argument in clearer words by stating that when players are injured, they become skeptic of whether they could recover or not and the duration for which they will have to be out of the field. The reverse also happens in many cases as well when players go through difficult emotional situation in personal life. The personal troubles lead to injuries as players find it difficult to pay close attention to their game. Sportspersons when diagnosed with depression or anxiety become more stressed that leads them to the extent of resorting to violence. Melo et al. (2018) found that female sportspersons are more prone to depression and anxiety than male sportspersons. The findings can be agreed upon because compared to male athletes; females have increased pressure of performing and looking after the family. Female athletes also have to face perceived and personal stigmas that escalate their mental illness. However, male athletes too have to face the pressure of performing in each game and providing support to their family. In order to help athletes recover from depression, proper training must be provided. A trainer has to understand the psychology of the athlete and assure him or her that he or she is will recover from it. Physical injuries like a direct or indirect knock to the head might cause traumatic brain injury (TBI) like concussions. It can influence not only the physical health but emotional and mental health as well. When a sportsperson is diagnosed with TBI, it might lead to anxiety and depression. Putukian (2016) suggests that any reason that leads to the occurrence of anxiety and depression in a sportsperson might end his or her career if not given timely and proper treatment. Mills and Giles, (2017) hold the increasing psychological tendency of players to stay in shape and look better than others responsible for depression and anxiety. According to the authors, most players have the tendency to train harder and more than required so that they could always stay ahead in the race. When they fail to meet the desired goal, they develop anxiety and ultimately depression. Instances from the real world abound with players who have battled depression and while some managed to come back from it, o thers were not so lucky. A balanced routine of physical exercise can go to great extent in helping a sportsperson in being psychologically well (Marcos et al., 2015) It is important for the concerned trainers and physiotherapists to plan a routine that comprises limited amount of physical activity. Further, they must also make sure that the physical activity does not involve only exercise but other activities as well. These may include visiting any event or program and socialize with people. Although it might not be considered an effective activity, but it largely helps in coping with depression. In sports, it is critical to remain healthy and focused throughout the career for any athlete or player. Anxiety and depression proves a big hindrance in sports because it weakens the players mentally as well as physically. It causes a loss of appetite, sleep deprivation and in extreme cases, hallucinations and insanity as well (Anderson Shivakumar, 2013). Physical training in a balanced way along with social support greatly helps in overcoming such situations. In the end, it can be stated that physical exercise has a great influence on the psychological wellbeing of individuals. The influence is mostly positive however, it might exert negative influence as well if not practiced cautiously. Psychological wellbeing refers to the positivity felt by an individual in everyday work and in tackling the challenges in life. However, certain circumstances cause individuals lose their psychological health and go into depression. In the world of sports, psychological wellbeing is of utmost importance as is physical health. Although sportspersons are physically more active than non-sportspersons, they are still prone to depression and anxiety. One of the many reasons for this is their inability to cope with situations like injuries, poor performances and balancing between personal and professional life. The essay tried to provide a detailed analysis of the link between physical exercise and psychological wellbeing. In addition, it also discussed the re percussions of anxiety and depression in sports and on sportspersons. The essay further analyzed the views and opinions of other researchers that helped in providing a clear explanation of the issue. In addition, the essay focused on the role of the trainers in providing proper training to the players to help them recover from depression. It also mentioned the importance physical exercise has on every individuals life whether a sportsperson or not. It must however be suggested that further studies on the role of physical exercise in helping people fight with acute illness be carried out. References: Anderson, E. H., Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety.Frontiers in psychiatry,4, 27. Archer, T., Garcia, D. (2014). Physical exercise influences academic performance and well-being in children and adolescents.International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology,1(1). Brooks, K., Carter, J. (2013). Overtraining, exercise, and adrenal insufficiency.J Nov Physiother,3(125), 11717. Crow, E. M., Jeannot, E., Trewhela, A. (2015). Effectiveness of Iyengar yoga in treating spinal (back and neck) pain: a systematic review.International journal of yoga,8(1), 3. Depression. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/ Gladwell, V. F., Brown, D. K., Wood, C., Sandercock, G. R., Barton, J. L. (2013). The great outdoors: how a green exercise environment can benefit all.Extreme physiology medicine,2(1), 3. Hammond, D., Davies, D., Su, Z. (2015). Do We Forget to Treat Concussion?.Faculty Dental Journal,6(2), 86-89. Health.govmu.org. (2018).The Trends in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Mauritius The Mauritius Non Communicable Diseases Survey 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://health.govmu.org/English/Statistics/Documents/Mauritius%20NCD%20Survey%202015%20Report.pdf Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,141(4), 901. Marcos, A., Manonelles, P., Palacios, N., Wrnberg, J., Casajs, J. A., Prez, M., ... Ortega, E. (2014). Physical activity, hydration and health.Nutricion hospitalaria,29(6). Melo, R., Ribeiro, P. S., Lacerda, A., Habib, L. R., Landeira-Fernandez, J., Filgueiras, A. (2018). Last decade of research in depression and concussion among athletes: a systematic review.Revista Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte,7(2). Mills, C. D., Giles, G. J. (2017). Body Image concerns of Male Rugby Players, with specific focus on Muscularity and Body Fat.Journal of Obesity and Overweight,3(1), 103-110. Owen, A. L., Forsyth, J. J., Wong, D. P., Dellal, A., Connelly, S. P., Chamari, K. (2015). Heart ratebased training intensity and its impact on injury incidence among elite-level professional soccer players.The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research,29(6), 1705-1712. Putukian, M. (2016). The psychological response to injury in student athletes: a narrative review with a focus on mental health.Br J Sports Med,50(3), 145-148. Rabinowitz, A. R., Li, X., Levin, H. S. (2014). Sport and nonsport etiologies of mild traumatic brain injury: similarities and differences.Annual review of psychology,65, 301-331. Reiner, M., Niermann, C., Jekauc, D., Woll, A. (2013). Long-term health benefits of physical activitya systematic review of longitudinal studies.BMC public health,13(1), 813. Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics,83(1), 10-28. Telegraph.co.uk. (2018).Too much exercise is bad for your gut and the other dangers of over training.The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/much-exercise-bad-gut-dangers-training/ VanKim, N. A., Nelson, T. F. (2013). Vigorous physical activity, mental health, perceived stress, and socializing among college students.American Journal of Health Promotion,28(1), 7-15. Who.int. (2018).Child and adolescent mental health.World Health Organization. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/child_adolescent/en/

What Career Transitions Are You Likely to Face in The Next Ten Years

The individual needs a career transition in the next ten years. The research focuses on the effects of career transitions in the next ten years. The research includes the importance of theory and concepts to manage the changes. The individual is likely to face the fast food transition in the next ten years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Career Transitions Are You Likely to Face in The Next Ten Years? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, the one has to prepare for a smooth transition to the service industry. The service industry includes the engaging in the fast food business. The fast food business is one of the most profitable businesses. Patrick Montana (2008) emphasised Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs dictate that a person is has three basic needs. Basic needs include necessary needs. Necessary needs means a person cannot go without such needs. According to Maslow, the first group of manâ₠¬â„¢s needs is the physiological needs. Maslow’s hierarch of needs influences a person’s job transition decision. The first group of needs called the physiological needs. The physiological needs include food, breathing, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion. In addition, the second group of needs is the safety needs. The safety needs include the security of the persons’ body, resources, morality, employments, family, property, and personal health. The third group of human needs is the love and belonging needs. The needs include the friendship, sexual intimacy, and family needs. The fourth group of needs is the esteem needs. The esteem needs include the self –esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of other persons, and respect from others. The last group of human need is the self- actualization need. The self-actualization needs include the morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance of data, problem solving, and lack of lack of prejudice need. The transition to the service business caters to the first group of human needs. Setting a fast food store would cater to the people’s need to fill their stomachs. The store cannot sell to a prospective client who has just eaten a full meal.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fast food chain cannot sell to a prospect client who is allergic to the fast food chain’s food choices. For example, the diabetics must watch for sugar-based products. The hypertensive fast food chain customer must avoid foods that trigger a hypertension attack. The person having a rheumatic disease must avoid foods that trigger one’s rheumatism attacks. There are different types of fast food stores. Stephanie Watson (2008) insists one type of fast food store caters to the hamburger market segment. McDonald’s continues to offer different hamburger types. The hamburger types inc lude the hamburger, cheeseburger, Big Mac and one pounder. The McDonald’s chain of stores also offers breakfast meals to the busy office worker. McDonald’s successfully sets up branches in major cities in the United States. McDonald’s profitably sets up its fast food chain stores in many Asian countries. The McDonald’s fast food chain sets up its branches in the United Kingdom (2008). Second, another type of fast food chain fills the needs of the fried chicken market segment. Some of the community residents refuse to eat hamburgers. Thus, they prefer to eat fried chicken meals. James Watson (J. Watson 2005) stated Kentucky Fried Chicken has been very successful in filling the needs of the fried chicken market segment. In terms of fried chicken, Kentucky Fried Chicken different recipes. The company sells the popular chicken recipes. The company also sells sandwiches, snacks, sweets, and other side dishes. Third, another type of fast food chain caters to th e hotcake market segments. Usually, hotcakes are best serve during the morning. Specifically, the fast food store serves hotcakes during breakfast. The secret to the success of the hotcake fast food business is the food taste. The inclusion of sauces, butter, and other secret ingredients contributes to the high demand for hotcake products. The hotcake prepared using eggs and special flour (2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Career Transitions Are You Likely to Face in The Next Ten Years? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fourth, another type of fast food chain serves the food needs of the restaurant clients. The restaurant business caters to the above average income market segment. The restaurant’s food prices are higher than the McDonald’s food prices. The restaurant cooks the food after the restaurant tells the restaurant waiter of the customers’ preferred menu choice. On the other hand, the restaurant orders a pre-cooked food in the McDonald’s fast food chain. The clients spend more time in the restaurant compared to visiting the nearest McDonald’s fast food chain. This is the very reason why restaurant prices are higher than the McDonald’s fast food chain menu prices. Fifth, another type of fast food chain serves the needs of the pizza market segment. The pizza fast food chain caters to the people who love to devour pizzas. Pizza Hut caters to the pizza cravings of the community. Pizza hut has a promotional campaign called create your own pizza. The creative clients would proudly show off their pizza creations to their fellow pizza friends. The customers choose the toppings cooked on the pizza crust. There are also different sizes of pizza food choices. There are different kinds of pizza. The pizza choices include plain pizza, cheese pizza, Hawaiian pizza, and other pizza types (Ghani 2009). Sixth, another type of fast food chain fills the discriminating needs of the spaghetti market segments. Some clients prefer the tomato taste of spaghetti. Some clients prefer one serving of spaghetti. Other spaghetti lovers would order a large plate of luscious spaghetti. Some say that eating spaghetti translates to wishing to have a longer life on earth. The Spaghetti Warehouse caters to the spaghetti needs of the spaghetti market segment. The fast food chain would sell pre-cooked food. The food would sell to the average income employees. Some entrepreneurs set up a fast food chain in order to fill the food needs of the average income employees. The fast food chain caters to the busy office workers. Most precooked must be sold within a few hours in order to avoid selling spoiled food products to the fast food chain’s valued clients. The fast food business caters to diverse clients. First, some fast food chains cater to the Chinese clients. The clients have their own unique tastes. The Chinese taste precipitates from th e Chinese’s cultural taste. Home country culture is the basis for the unique culture Chinese taste. The Chinese food culture includes diverse colour themes.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Chinese food taste includes the addition of two or three ingredients using different colours to complement the main food ingredient. The Chinese food taste shows aesthetic value. The Chinese love to devour food that has three basic characteristics. The three characteristics are colour, luscious taste, and mouth-watering aroma. In terms of colour, the Chinese food uses bright colours to display the warmth of the fast food chain’s management (McDonald 2007). Second, some fast food chains cater to the Vietnamese market segment. The Vietnamese have another set of taste. The Vietnamese taste includes Gia, alum, ash, clove of garlic, Ammonium Bicarbonate, curry powder, chili powder, caramel, and cayenne. The Vietnamese food clients would prefer to eat Vietnamese cuisine to the unfamiliar African American food choices. The Vietnamese normally dislike eating Indian food choices. Third, other fast food chains supply the needs of the African American clients. The African American f ood clients prefer â€Å"soul† foods. The African Americans brought their food culture with them around the world. The African American food taste includes pork, cornmeal, and vegetables. Other food favourites include grains and corn. The African Americans love to take molasses as part of their food itineraries. Specifically, many African Americans add small amounts of molasses to their tea as sweeteners. The African Americans brought their favourite foods like okra, sesame seeds, rice, and peas to their destination country. The African Americans brought their foods to the new destinations because they are not accustomed to eating the unfamiliar new food choices found in the destination country. Fourth, another group of fast food chains serves the needs of the Mexican clients. The Mexican food is full of colour. The Mexican food includes many spices. The group’s food includes plenty of colourful ingredients. The United Nations classified the typical Mexican food as an intangible cultural heritage. The Mexican food includes corn and beans. The Mexicans call their corn masa. The Mexican food love tortillas, oregano, cinnamon, and cocoa. Rice and corn are favourite Mexican food choices. The Mexican food includes the sweetness of honey, herbs, and spices. Fifth, another group of fast food chains fills the needs of the Muslim clients. The Muslim clients do not eat some food types. Specifically, the banned Muslim food type includes all foods taken from pigs. The Muslim religion requires that the Muslim devotee to avoid eating pig products. The pig products include ham. The Muslim food has to be Halal- approved. The Muslim stores include Masjid. The Halal groceries sell non-pig products. The Muslim restaurants hire Muslim chefs to cook the Halal foods. Some restaurants cater to the Italian food clients. The Italian cuisine is part of the growing social change as well as political revival of their group. The Italian cuisine includes trimmings from Etrusc an, Ancient Roman, Byzantine, and Arab foods. The Italian food metamorphosed as time traversed. The current Italian food includes potatoes, tomatoes, maize, and bell peppers. The Chefs prepare the Italian food taste in simplicity. The food includes an average of six ingredients. The Italian Chefs include wine and cheese as part of the standard Italian food menu. Coffee, especially espresso coffee is a major part of the Italian clients’ food choices. The Italian food includes vegetables, fruits, fish, sausages, pork, and cheese ingredients (Meara 2010). Sixth, some of the fast food restaurants cater to the French clients. French fast food chain clients prefer haute cuisine. Fish is one of the favourite French food choices. Champagne, Alsace, and Lorraine are favourite French food choices. In addition, the other French food favourites include Burgundy wine and river crabs, snails, beef, blackcurrants, cake, and poultry (Drescher 2007). Seventh, some of the fast food chains serv e the food needs of Koreans. Korean food focuses on the four seasons. Each season has its own set of food preferences. The ocean offers the most food ingredients. The Koreans use devotion and love in the preparation of their cultural food. The Koreans cook the food to help invigorate the customers. The Korean restaurant sells healthy foods to its discriminating fast food chain clients. The success of the Korean food choices is the inclusion of the Korean food preparer’s devotion for the safety and health of the food clients. In addition, the Korean meals include tea and a traditional cake. Sometimes, the Korean restaurants offer fruits to delete the taste of eaten food. The fruits are influential in leaving the Korean fast food chain’s clients with a fresh and invigorating feeling (Drescher 2007). In terms of selling the fast food chain products, the transition includes implementing a strong marketing plan. First, the fast food chain must sell quality products. The cus tomer would prefer higher-priced products to lower-priced products if the product quality of the higher-priced product were far better than the quality of the low priced fast food chain products. The clients would constantly return products that easily break when bought. Some clients will sue the company for selling them low quality products and services. Some clients would advertise the fraudulent practices of companies selling low quality products. Low quality products include selling stale food. Low quality includes foul-tasting food. Low quality includes using lesser ingredients in the preparation of food products. The company must avoid selling products that incorporate low quality raw materials. The company should not hire workers who are not able to produce high quality products (Etzel 2001). Second, the fast food chain must sell the products are reasonable prices. The fast food chain must sell the foods at prices that most current and future customers can afford. The custome rs normally prefer the lowest priced products. This is true in the fast food chain business. The customers would compare the food prices of the different fast food chain competitors. The customer would highly prefer to enter the lower priced stores. Economics offers the reason for the current and future customers’ price preferences. As the prices of goods increase, the demand for the products will correspondingly decrease. Thus, the current and future customers prefer the lower priced hamburgers to the higher priced hamburgers if the product quality is similar. However, some clients prefer quality to price. Some rich clients prefer the costlier food products in exchange for the privacy of the food place, some clients prefer to eat at restaurants. The reason is that the current and future customers of the high price restaurants prefer the serenity and comfort of the restaurant chairs and tables (Hartline 2011). Third, the fast food chain must sell the products near the reachab le arms of the current and future customers. The fast food chain must set up different branches in strategic locations. The company should not set up a fast food chain in the middle of the lonely dessert; no one is around to enter the fast food chain and order its food products. The company must set up a branch in departments stores where a large volume of shoppers frequent. The company should set up a branch in the busy city street corner. The busy street corner brings many current and future customers to the fast food chain’s doors. The fast food chain can set up a store on board cruise ships. The cruise ships have cruise clients who need fast food chain products to quench their thirst and fill their hungry stomachs (Goodbody 2008). Fourth, the fast food chain must promote its fast food chain products. The promotion includes advertising the various food product choices and services in the newspaper media. Promotion includes announcing the benefits of buying the fast food ch ain products through the television media. The company can advertise the benefits of buying the fast food products using the radio program media. Lastly, the fast food chain can create a strong demand for the fast food chain products through the internet. The internet continues to compete with the normal advertising media. The three advertising media are through the radio, television, and newspaper advertising spots (Goodbody 2008). To proceed with the fast food chain business, one must get financing. First, one can borrow money. The fast food chain entrepreneur can borrow money from the bank. In turn, the bank earns interest from lending the money to the fast food chain entrepreneur. The entrepreneur or businessperson can borrow money from moneyed friends. The entrepreneur or businessperson can easily borrow funds from close associates, or relatives. Relatives can easily trust a relative who borrows money over a complete stranger who borrows money. In the same light, close associat es do not need excessive persuasion. The close associates are familiar with the borrower’s financial capacity and other relevant information. The lender can choose a friend or close associate over a complete strange in terms of loans. There is lesser resistance when close associates and friends borrow money (Freyman 2006). The entrepreneur or businessperson can invest funds in the fast food chain business. Some entrepreneur or businessperson has many cash. They have more than enough funds to set up their own fast food chain business. In addition, the entrepreneur or businessperson can set a partnership. In the partnership, two or more persons contribute money, property, or industry to the partnership with the sole aim of distributing the company’s profits among themselves. Normally, one or more of the partners will contribute their industry to manage the fast food chain business. In other occasions, some partners prefer to remain silent partners. Silent partners do not manage or make decisions in the fast food chain business (Montana 2008). On the other hand, the entrepreneur or businessperson can set up a corporation. Under the corporation, five or more persons can contribute money to set up the fast food chain business. The investors own shares stocks of the fast food chain business. The investors contribute money, property, and industry to the fast food chain corporation. Consequently, the investors will divide the net profits among themselves (Hartline 2011). The understanding the theories and research will aid the entrepreneur or businessperson manage the transition or changes. Marketing books will explain the intricacies of the marketing process. The marketing books will explain that the fast food chain business must prioritize filling the needs of the discriminating clients. The marketing books will explain the importance of creating products that will outshine or outsell the competitors’ fast food chain products and services. The m arketing books will explain to the entrepreneur or businessperson how to choose the best location to set up the next fast food chain branch. The marketing books discuss how to divide the community into targetable market segments. The marketing books will discuss how to use the supply chain process to ensure the early delivery of the fast food chain products to its branches in other cities and locations (Hartline 2011). The management books will explain the proper management concepts. The entrepreneur or businessperson will learn that managing a fast food chain restaurant entails implementing a strategic plan. The fast food chain manager must gear the stores to wards generating and increasing fast food chain revenues. The management books entails explaining how the fast food chain managers can organize the scarce human and raw material resources to achieve the fast food chain’s goals and objectives. The management books explain how the fast food chain managers must control all expenses and costs in order to generate a net profit. The management books will explain how to choose the best fast food chain crew or workers. The management books will also discuss the importance of coordinating with all employees and interested parties in order to achieve organizational goals and quotas (Khan 2006). The accounting books will display the proper way of recording daily fast (Ehrhardt 2011). food chain business transactions. The accounting books will discuss how to designate cash payments as assets. The same accounting books explain the meaning of liabilities encountered in the fast food chain business. The accounting books include a discussion on how to use the income statement to generate the monthly revenues. The accounting books explain the importance of recording all sales in the proper accounting period (Khan 2006). The human resource books will help the fast food chain management hire the best workers. The human resource references will teach the fast food ch ain management to obey the labour laws institute. The same human resource references focus on giving seminar to improve the customer- based work attitudes of the fast food chain employees. The fast food chain must comply with human resources laws. The environment references focus on compliance with environmental laws. The environment books state that the fast food chain must not throw the fast food chain garbage on the crystal-clear waters of the nearby stream. The environment books inform the fast food chain to ensure the kitchen does not generate polluting substances. The environment books ensure that the fast food chain management complies with all other environmental laws of the United Kingdom (Raven 2009). The economics books explain the importance of economic concepts in all the fast food chain business operations. The economic principles discuss the effects of inflation on the fast food chain’s revenues. The economic principles explain the effect of unemployment on the fast food chain sales. The same economic principles explain the effect of the current economic depression on the fast food chain revenues and profits. T he economics reference explains the importance of pricing on the fast food chain’s customer demand prediction. The same economics references explain the effect of monopoly of the prices of the fast food chain’s ingredient and other supply suppliers (Baumol 2011). Based on the above discussion, the individual must accept a career transition within the next ten years. The career transition in the next ten years greatly affects the individual. The theories and concepts are important tools needed to manage the changes within the next ten years excellently. Indeed, the individual is likely to face the fast food transition in the next ten years. References: Baumol, W. (2011). Economics. London, Cengage Press.s Etzel, M. Marketing. (2001). London, Wiley Sons. Freyman, S. (2006). Fast Food. London, Levine Press. Ghani, K. (2 009). Integration of Supply Chain Management. London, GBMR Press. Gilbert, S. (2010). The Story of McDonald’s. London, Wiley Sons. Goodbody, S. (2008). Fast Food: Slowing Us All Down. London, Crabtree Press. Hartline, M. (2011). Marketing Strategy. London, Western Press. Khan, M. (2006).Management Accounting. London, McGraw-Hill Press. McDonald, M. (2007). Marketing Plans. London, Wiley Sons Press. Meara, M. (2010). Italian Food. London, Hardie Press, Montana, P. (2008). Management. London, Barron’s Press. Raven, P. (2009). Environment. London, Wiley Sons Press. Torrington, D. (2008). Human Resource Management. London, Prentice Hall. Watson, J. (2005). The Cultural Politics of Food. London, Wiley Press. Watson, S. (2008). Fast Food. London, Rosen Press This essay on What Career Transitions Are You Likely to Face in The Next Ten Years? was written and submitted by user T0adMen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Example

Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Example Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Image Processing and Enhancement Essay Remote sensing (RS), also called earth observation, refers to obtaining information about objects or areas at the Earth? s surface without being in direct contact with the object or area. Humans accomplish this task with aid of eyes or by the sense of smell or hearing; so, remote sensing is day-today business for people.Remote sensing can be broadly defined as the collection and interpretation of information about an object, area, or event without being in physical contact with the object. Remote-sensing data play a growing role in studies of natural and semi natural environments, a role that stretches from a visual interpretation to sophisticated extraction of information by advanced image analysis and statistical algorithms. In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotelysensed data generally contain flaws or deficiencies with respect to a particular application.To extract basic information from remotely-sensed data the flaws or deficiencies must remove or corrected. In this paper I will try to describes some important general means of image correction because it is difficult to decide what should be included under the heading of image correction, since the definition of what is, or is not, a deficiency in the data depends to a considerable extent on the use to which those data are to be put. So I will discuss the title like image Preprocessing, Digital image, image enhancement and other important titles related to Image correction and better image interpretation means.The other idea raised and discussed in this paper is the relationship between vegetation index and vegetation degradation by using remotely sensed data. 2. Function of image preprocessing and its importance for image Analysis The function of an image preprocessing is a means to applying some methods in order to correct image deficiencies and removal of flaws before using the images for other purposes. Mather and Koch (2011) stated that In their raw form, as received from imaging sensors mounted on satellite platforms, remotelys 1 a) before haze removal b) After haze removal 2 Figure 3 Haze Reduction 5 B) Sun angle correction According to Bakker and et al. (2011) stated that The position of the sun relative to the earth changes depending on time of the day and the day of the year. As a result, the image data of different seasons are acquired under different solar illumination. An absolute correction involves dividing the DN-values in the image data by the sine of the solar elevation angle. Landsat 7 ETM+ color infrared composites acquired with different sun angle. (A) The left image was acquired with a sun elevation of 37Â ° and right image. B) With a sun elevation of 42Â °. The difference in reflectance is clearly shown. (C) (B) The left image was corrected to meet the right image. Figure 4 Sun angle Correction 2. 2. Geometric Correction Geometric distortion is an error on image which occurred by one of the two possibilities either internally on the geometry of the sensor or externally the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. Supporting to this idea Kuznetsov and et al. (2012) describe that geometric distortion is an error on image, between the actual image coordinates and the ideal image coordinates.Geometric distortion is classified in to internal distortion resultin g from the geometry of the sensor and external distortion resulting from the altitude of the sensor or the shape of the object. 6 To correct such geometric distortion on the image we should use different geometric correction methods. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that geometric corrections include correcting for geometric distortions due to sensor-Earth geometry variations, and conversion of the data to real world coordinates (e. g. latitude and longitude) on the Earths surface.Conversion of the data to real world coordinates are carried by analyzing well distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs). This is done in two steps Geo-referencing: This involves the calculation of the appropriate transformation from image to terrain coordinates. Landsat 30m ETM+ Image Quickbird . 7m Natural Color Image Ground control points are identified between the two images in recognizable locations. These points should be static relative to temporal change. In this case road intersections are the best source of GCP’s. Features that move through time (i. e. horelines, etc. ) should be avoided if possible. Figure 5 Georeferencing Geocoding: This step involves resembling the image to obtain a new image in which all pixels are correctly positioned within the terrain coordinate system. Resampling is used to determine the digital values to place in the new pixel locations of the corrected output image. Figure 6 Geo coding 7 There are different techniques of resampling methods according Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) there is three techniques of resampling: 1. Nearest Neighborhood 2. Bi-linear interpolation 3. Cubic Convolution 1.Nearest Neighborhood According to Rees (2011) the nearest neighbor approach uses the value of the closest input pixel for the output pixel value. To determine the nearest neighbor, the algorithm uses the inverse of the transformation matrix to calculate the image file coordinates of the desired geographic coordinate. The pixel value occupying the c losest image file coordinate to the estimated coordinate will be used for the output pixel value in the geo-referenced image. This means that the nearest pixel value has more influence than apart pixel. Figure7.Nearest Neighborhood ADVANTAGES: Output values are the original input values. Other methods of resampling tend to average surrounding values. This may be an important consideration when discriminating between vegetation types or locating boundaries. Since original data are retained, this method is recommended before classification. Easy to compute and therefore fastest to use. DISADVANTAGES: Produces a choppy, stair-stepped effect. The image has a rough appearance relative to the original un-rectified data. Data values may be lost, while other values may be duplicated.Figure 1 shows an input file (orange) with a yellow output file superimposed. Input values closest to the center of each output cell are sent to the output file to the right. Notice that values 13 and 22 ar e lost while values 14 and 24 are duplicated. 8 2. Bi-linear interpolation The bilinear interpolation approach uses the weighted average of the nearest four pixels to the output pixel. Figure8. Bi-linear interpolation ADVANTAGES: Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DISADVANTAGES: Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computationally more expensive than nearest neighbor. 3. Cubic Convolution The cubic convolution approach uses the weighted average of the nearest sixteen pixels to the output pixel. The output is similar to bilinear interpolation, but the smoothing effect caused by the averaging of surrounding input pixel values is more dramatic. Figure9. Cubic Convolution ADVANTAGES: Stair-step effect caused by the nearest neighbor approach is reduced. Image looks smooth. DISADVANTAGES: Alters original data and reduces contrast by averaging neighboring values together. Is computa tionally more expensive than nearest neighbor or bilinear interpolation. In general image preprocessing is very essential step for better image analysis and interpretation because it corrects different types of image distortion. 9 Similar to this idea Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) stated that preprocessing includes data operation which normally precedes further manipulation and analysis of the image data to extract specific information. These operations aim to correct distorted or degraded image data to create a more faithful representation of the original scene. . Digital Image Formats and Its Arrangement According to Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2011) Digital images are electronic representations of images that are stored on a computer. The most important thing to understand about digital images is that you can? t see them and they don? t have any physical size until they are displayed on a screen or printed on paper. Until that point, they are just a collection o f numbers on the computer? s hard drive that describe the individual elements of a picture and how they are arranged.These elements are called pixel and they are arranged in a grid format with each pixel containing information about its color or intensity. Most of the time Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel (BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) take as image digital format but this is not true rather they are schemes for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file. Figure 10 Digital Data Format 10 According to ESRI resource center there are three common image digital formats these are Band interleaved by line (BIL), band interleaved by pixel BIP), and band sequential (BSQ) are three common methods of organizing image data for multiband images. BIL, BIP, and BSQ are not in themselves image formats but are schemes for storing the actual pixel values of an image in a file. While Visual Resource Centre School of Humanities (2010) there are four main file form ats for images: TIFF, JPEG, PNG and GIF. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Description: TIFF images are usually used for master image files. They contain image information in a lossless format (i. e. no image information is lost when images are saved) and so tend to be fairly large in size.They are therefore a good format for archiving images, but the large file size makes it an unsuitable format for use in web delivery or in presentation software, such as PowerPoint. Good for: master copies of images as all image information is retained when files are saved (lossless format). But: file sizes tend to be large due to lossless format, so TIFF files are not suitable for web delivery or inclusion in PowerPoint presentations. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) Description: This is the main format that is used for photographic-type images on the web.It is a „lossy? format: images are compressed when saved and so image information is lost each time the image is edited and saved. T he benefit of compression is a reduction in file size, but the down side is that if too much compression is applied, visible artefacts such as highlighting around areas of high contrast may occur. The following images show the effects on quality and file size of differing levels of compression on the same JPEG image notice the blurring around the edges of the statue in the final image.Good for: web delivery of photographic images due to ability to compress images without too much loss of quality, therefore giving smaller file sizes than TIFF formats. But: too much compression can lead to a loss of quality so care needs to be taken with the quality setting used when saving images. GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) 11 Description: Another format encountered on the Internet, the GIF format is usually used for icons or graphics that contain a limited range of flat colors. It is a lossless format (no information is lost when saving), but as limited color capabilities and so is not suit able for displaying photographs. Good for: web delivery of icons and graphics due to small file size and lossless format. But: supports limited range of colors, so is only suitable for certain types of images. PNG (Portable network graphics) Description: PNG is a relatively new web graphics format, designed primarily to replace the GIF format for use on the Internet, and potentially rival TIFF in the long term as an archival format due to its better compression performance.Its main advantages over GIF are an improved lossless compression method and support for „true color. Although software support for the PNG format has been slow in developing, this is now beginning to change and it may become a more common format in the future. Good for: web delivery due to lossless compression technique resulting in files of small size but high quality. But: JPEG format gives better results for photographic images, and older web browsers and programs may not support the PNG format. 4. Purpo se of image enhancement and Method of Image Enhancement 4. 1.Purpose of Image Enhancement The purpose of image enhancement is forming good contrast to visualize images in a better way in order to understand or extract the intended information from the image. Similarly Vij and singh (2008) discussed Image enhancement is a mean as the improvement of an image appearance by increasing dominance of some features or by decreasing ambiguity between different regions of the image. Image enhancement processes consist of a collection of techniques that seek to improve the visual appearance of an image or to convert the image to a form better suited for analysis by a human or machine.The other writers Shankar Ray (2011) also describe, Image enhancement is the modification of image, by changing the pixel brightness values, to improve its visual impact. Image enhancement techniques are performed by deriving the new brightness value for a pixel either from its existing value or from the brightnes s values of a set of surrounding pixels. 12 4. 2. Method of Image Enhancement According to Department of US Army (2003) method of image enhancement classified in to four these are 1) Contrast enhancement 2) band ratio 3) spatial filtering and 4) principle components.The type of enhancement performed will depend on the appearance of the original scene and the goal of the interpretation. This indicate that performing all methods of enhancement for one image may not be necessary and selection of methods are vary depending on for what purpose the image is prepared or what type of information is extracted from the image. 1) Contrast enhancement-such types of enhancement mostly occur to increase the brightness of the image by changing the DN Values of the image. According to Al-amri (2011) one of the most important quality factors in satellite images comes from its contrast.Contrast enhancement is frequently referred to as one of the most important issues in image processing. Contrast str etching is an enhancement method performed on an image for locally adjusting each picture element value to improve the visualization of structures in both darkest and lightest portions of the image at the same time. Of course there are different techniques of image contrast enhancement like Liner contrast, histogram equalization, histogram stretch and the like but the mean idea is discussed on above even though there is slight difference performing each techniques.Before contrast enhancement Figure 11 Contrast Enhancement 13 After contrast enhancement 2) Band ratio-using contrast techniques help to enhance the images with related to brightness problems but this technique cannot solve problems like shadowiness and the like such image enhancement is takes place by using band ratio techniques. According to Department of US Army (2003) stated that Band ratio is commonly used band arithmetic method in which one spectral band is proportional with another spectral band.This simple method r educes the effect of shadowing caused by topography, highlights particular image elements, and accentuates temporal differences. 3) Spatial filtering –this types of enhancement is very important to avoid over exaggerated details for specific place in the image. Murayam and Dassanayake (2010) describe spatial filtering as spatial filter is designed to emphasize larger, homogeneous areas of similar tone and reduce the smaller detail in an image, this serve to smooth the appearance of an image. Low pass filters are very useful for reducing random noise.It is occasionally advantageous to reduce the detail and exaggerated particular features in an image 4) Principal components- According to Department of US Army (2003) the principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that transform the pixel brightness values. These transformations compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. The other writer Rees (2001) also stated that the principal co mponents of a multiband image are the set of linear combination of the bands that are both independent of and also uncorrelated with, one another. . Purpose of image Transformation and Method of Image Transformation 5. 1. Purpose of image Transformation Image transformation is a means to re-express an image in a different manner which means it gives a chance to Cooke in good way. According to UNEP (2005) The Term: Transform means arithmetic operator It is all arithmetic operations that allow the generation of a new composite image from 1 or 2 or more bands of a multi-spectral, multi-temporal, multi-frequencies (wavelengths), multi-polarization, multi-incidence angle images.The resulting image may have properties which makes it suitable to particular purpose than the original. 14 1) New Information extraction from the exited data like Change detection, vegetation info, geological info 2. Data dimensionality reduction storage efficiency processing efficiency reduce the # of bands and reduce time 3. Produce more physically relevant spectral feature space Similarly Mather and Koch (2011) discussed an image transform is an operation that reexpresses in a different, and possibly more meaningful, form all or part of the information content of a multispectral or grey scale image.From the above idea we can understand that by applying image transformation with different transformation techniques we can extract new information with best visualization and minimum storage. 5. 2. Method of Image Transformation Different writers classified method of image transformation differently because of their purpose study for this paper I choose UNEP (2005) Method of image transformation. According to UNEP(2005) Method Image transformation can be classified into 6 these are 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations 2. Empirically-Based Image Transformation 3.Principal Component Analysis 4. Multiple Discriminant Analysis 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) 6. Fourier Transformation 1. Simple Arithmetic Operations Applying one of arithmetic operation among Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division to perform simple transformation. They performed on 2 or more co-registered images of the same geographical area. The images could be separate spectral bands from single MSS or TM data set or they may be individual band s from data sets that have been imaged at different dates. 1. Image Addition If multiple images of a given region are available for approximately the same date and if part of one of the images has some noise (spectral problem, haze, fog, cloud), then that part can be compensated from the other images available. 15 1. 2 Image Subtraction: To assess the degree of change in an area, two dates of coo-registered images can be used with subtraction operation. October 1988 Figure 12. Change Detection 1. 3 Image Multiplication: May 1992 If the analyst is interested in a part of an image, then extracting that area can be done by multiplying the area by 1 and t he rest by 0.This applied only when the boundary of the area of interest is irregular. 1. 4 Image Division: Image Ratio: Dividing the pixels in one image by the corresponding pixels in a second image. Most commonly used transformation. It is very important transformation techniques because ? ? Certain aspect of the shape of spectral reflectance curves of the different earth surface cover types can be brought out by ratio. Undesirable effects on the recorded images such as the effect of variable illumination resulting from variation in topography can be reduced by ratio. . Empirically-Based Image Transformation Experience with Landsat MSS data for agriculture areas and with the difficulties encountered in the use of ratio transformed and Principal Component, led to the development of Image Transformation that was based on the OBSERVATIONS: 16 2. 1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index PVI A plot of reflectance measured in the visible red band against reflectance in the Near IR for a partly vegetated area will results in a plot like and use soil line for calculating vegetation distance from the line two-dimension space. . 2 Tasseled Cap Transformation PVI considers spectral variation in two of the 4 Landsat MSS bands and use distance from a soil line in the two-dimension space defined by these two MSS bands a a measure of biomass of green leaf area. 3. Principal Component Analysis PCA Adjacent bands in Multi-spectral Scanner remotely sensed data (images) are generally correlated. Multi-band visible/NIR images of vegetated areas show negative correlation between NIR and visible red bands, and positive correlation among the visible bands Green and Red.This is because of the spectral characteristics of vegetation are such that as vigor or greenness of the vegetation increase the red reflectance diminishes and NIR increases. The presence of correlation among the bands of the optical reflected MSS images implies that there is REDUNDENCY in the data. This means that some inf ormation is being repeated. It is the repetition of the information between bands that is reflected in the correlation. Principal component analysis helps to remove such redundancy through compress the data by drawing out maximum covariance and remove correlated elements. 4.Multiple Discriminant Analysis Image transformation using linear function called discriminant function. It represents the coordinate axes in the dimensional space that defined by the spectral bands which making up the data. As in PCA the relationship between the spectral bands and the discriminant functions axis derived and the coordinates of the individual pixel vector computed in terms of discriminant function. A simple example: if you have two groups of land with special reflectance that can be discriminated on the basis of the measurement in the dimensional space or in the coordinate axis.Some scientist thinks that this transformation made for special assignment. But despite of that it is found very useful it those special cases where you cannot find solution for them unless using this transformation. 5. Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HIS) Hue: angular variable of the direction of colors Saturation: lightness of the color (toward white) 0-255 scale the amount of white in the color Intensity: color strength 17 I = R+G+B H= (G – B)/I 3B S= (I – 3B)/ I 6. Fourier Transformation All five transformations discussed, they were using multidimensional space (multi-band) of remotely sensed data.Fourier Transformation using single band. The main idea of this transformation is that it uses the gray scale value, which forming a single image or single band, can be viewed as 3-D surface. The raw and column (X,Y) or spatial coordinates defining two axis (X,Y) and the gray scale 0255 value at each pixel giving the 3rd dimension. Therefore, the resulting image or product will show the frequency of certain feature all around the image. So it is a kind of histogram of the image in 3-D. 6. Ve getation index and relation with vegetation degradation 6. What is Vegetation Index? According to Jackson and huete (1991) Vegetation index is calculating of spectral band of data by combining two or more spectral bands of data. Vegetation indices are formed from combinations of several spectral values that are mathematically recombined in such a way as to yield a single value indicating the amount or vigor of vegetation within a pixel . Campbell, (1996) cited in Freitas and et. al (2005). 6. 2 Vegetation index and degradation –the best method of vegetation index is NDVI which is a normalized vegetation index .It a good means to assess the amount of greenness an area in th inverse NDVI indicates the level of degradation of an area. For example Take Bahirdar image in 1990 winter season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 7 and after 10 years in2000 take another image of the same season and calculate the NDVI value and get a result of 0. 2. These indicates that in 1990 Bahirdar was covered by green vegetation while the 2000 image show that most of the areas covered by vegetation is degraded and covered by rocks.If the NDVI value approaches to1 the area has good vegetation cover, if the NDVI value approaches to 0 the area has less vegetation which means the area is covered by rocks and if the NDVI value is negative the area has no vegetation rather the area is covered by snow. 18 7 Digital image classification 7. 1 What is Digital Image

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Strategic HR Mgmt - Article Summary - Essay Example Thus to harness this possible collapse of one’s organization, HR specialists have advised against the use of conventional strategies. Instead they have recommended a number of avant-garde approaches, namely, open communication systems, flexibility, new compensation packages and ‘more interesting work, for the older workers. Consequently, in order to maintain and attract the ‘best’ employers would be wise to utilize these recommendations of the HR specialists and change their modus operandi. Hence, organizations may turn their entire company around by ensuring that there is always an open door for these aging workers to relate to their managers. The managers therefore must keep abreast of the requirements of these workers by having continual discussions with them. Another HR strategy is the necessity of flexibility in this modern work environment. Flexibility in terms of duration of work, allotted time/days for work, place of work, compensation packages and the like are extremely important in the life of the aging worker. As a result managers must take these factors into account when developing their HR plans. ‘Phased retirement’ which refers to a gradual process rather than an abrupt end of employment is a new concept that will begin to play a major role in the HR life of an organization. A third strategy is that of empowering the ‘baby boomers’ in the workplace. Employees feel empowered when they have a sense of autonomy in their job function. Further, these employees are motivated to remain with the company that demonstrates the importance of the workers’ role to the overall functioning of the organization. What is more, aging workers want a chance to ‘learn new things.’ Thus, an organization can incorporate training in their daily program to accommodate the needs of their workers. Finally, a high

American Imperialism Essay -- essays research papers

Since its inception, America as a nation has developed and progressed according to trends of change that collectively define an era. Like all other eras, the time period of 1875-1925 experienced growth, changes, movements, and new ideals. It is the way that these changes came about that defines this era. Americans started to push for changes in many arenas of life that were previously unchallenged. New experiences and opportunities were also presented to America that caused tributaries in the former American ideal. These pressures for change could not be ignored and thus America continued its maturity in a new and unique manner. The changes in the American sphere of life and the development of greater organization, the largest underlying theme of the time period, facilitated the surgence of new foreign and military policies, urban reform policies, economic reform policies, neo-federalism especially in dealing with business, social reform policies, and the quality of life. The period from 1875-1900 was considered the "Gilded Age". On come the no-name presidents. There is a reason though, why these presidents were no-name presidents. It is because all the power that the presidency gained from Lincoln, was lost during reconstruction. Most things in American life were considered to be things that the government, especially the president, should not touch. The laissez-faire philosophy was in full force. The lack of interference allowed the giants like John D. Rockefellar, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan to rise to almost divine status. This is where organization comes to play. Business began to realize that by organizing their power and joining together in bonds such as cartels, later pools, and finally trusts, that they could maximize the exploitation of the growing American population. With this fusion of power and the creation of megacorporations, abuses in the course of industrialization concerning labor and the environment devel oped. This reaction to the weak central government led to the opposition of these abuses. It is a natural pattern that opposition would occur, but the fact that organized opposition began to grow is what separates these resistences from the oppositions of the past. Immigration reaches its peak during the gilded age and shifts from the "old immigratio... ...an frontier for the first time in history, no longer existed. The frontier symbolized the freedom of a place to go when things got boring. The frontier was a safety valve for people to go settle new territories, and to find raw materials. Now with the frontier gone, the idea of taking foreign territories looked like the best way to replace that frontier. Increasingly, the Americans had started to flex their muscle in the affairs around the world. Finally, it became clear that an imperialistic stance for America would be necessary in order to keep up with all the other western powers. In conclusion, many changes in American life especially industrialization forced America to react to the new situations being presented to it. The people developed opinions on certain issues and actively pursued change. This forced America to experience things that it never had in the past. It marked the rise of America as a substantial world power, the removal from isolationism, and the changing of the quality of life. The organized responses of the era, are its stamp on American history, and are responsible for all the changes of the era.

How does the inclusion of the witches in Macbeth heighten the dramatic impact of the play? Essay

Macbeth is a play written by the renowned playwright William Shakespeare in the early 17th century. Originally produced for the King of Denmark, the play explores themes such as ambition and betrayal through the actions of the main protagonist Macbeth. The play’s other significant figures include three witches whose practice of sorcery attracted a lot of controversy towards the play. At the time, their inclusion heightened the dramatic impact on the audience; primarily because of the public’s view of witches. Also referred to as the ‘’weird sisters’’, they form a fundamental element of the play because it is their input that shapes the play into action. During this period of time, the mainstream population of Europe was Christian and superstitious, therefore belief in witchcraft was at its peak and so-called ‘’witches’’ were persecuted. Supposedly, witches (along with Satan) were part of a collective of evil and were blamed for a lot of wrongdoing in society. For instance, political dissidents who opposed the King were thought to be under the influence of black magic. This was because there was commonly held believe that the King had the divine right to rule; thus anyone challenging the King was basically challenging God (which was considered blasphemy and punishable by death). The inclusion of the witches and amount of media coverage they received along with the public’s superstition helped to heighten the dramatic impact of Macbeth on a Shakespearean audience. Today, however, due to the secularisation of society, religious morals are diminishing and witchcraft is seen as nothing more than simple entertainment; this is certainly not how Shakespeare intended it to be. Furthermore, television programmes such as W.I.T.C.H. and books such as the Harry Potter series are depicting witches in a much more positive light. On the other hand, a small number of possible offshoots of witchcraft such as Wicca and Freemasonry are still being practiced despite it being punishable by death in some extremely religious cultures. In this day and age, the general view about witches lessens the dramatic impact significantly because it is seen as a comedy routine therefore Macbeth doesn’t strike fear into the hearts of the audience like its original purpose. In Act 1 Scene 1, as shown in the stage directions; the witches are the first performers when they enter an ‘’open place’’ with ‘’thunder and lightning’’. By being the first performers on stage, they intensify the dramatic impact because the audience focuses their attention towards them. Also, Shakespeare specifically chose the weather in this scene to be threatening, to reflect the negative view of witches at the time and to elevate the dramatic impact by making them see more powerful (witches were associated with the ability to manipulate the weather). The technique of using elements of nature to express mood is known as pathetic fallacy. In this scene, the first impression that the audience are given of the witches is that they are unattractive. For instance, the quotes ‘’your beards’’ and ‘’skinny lips’’ suggests that the witches are ugly and depict them as being unnatural due to having masculine characteristics. Shakespeare has done this to add to the negative interpretation of witches, which in turn heightens the dramatic impact (because the realistic appearance of the witches would frighten the audience). He also uses other characters to highlight the appearance of the witches and therefore raise the dramatic impact on the audience. For instance, Banquo describe the witches as being creatures ‘’ that look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth’’. He is suggesting that they do not resemble other humans and that they are abnormal; perhaps beings from another world. Shakespeare uses dialogue between the witches to heighten the dramatic impact on the audience. For example, in Act 1 Scene 3, one of the witches says to the others ’‘I’ll drain him dry as hay, sleep shall neither night nor day’’. This line heightens the dramatic impact because it portrays witches as evil because of the reference to torturing someone by depriving him of water. Also the words ‘’hay’’ and ‘’day’’ rhyme, during the Shakespearean era this was related to the spells chanted by witches, therefore the audience would have instantaneously assumed that the lines were malicious; thus increasing the dramatic impact. The lines spoken by the witches also include a rhythm. For example in Act 1 Scene 3, the three witches start their lines with ‘’all hail†¦ all hail†¦ all hail’’, this promotes the idea that the witches have the same thoughts and gives the impression that they are insane because they speak in a different pattern to the other characters. The witches also speak in riddles to scare and confuse the audience, for example, the line ‘’when the battles lost and won’’ may be referring to Macbeth or it could be talking about the struggle for the throne of Scotland. This intensifies the dramatic impact because the audience are left unsure and given the impression that the three witches know something that they don’t. Once again, the witches are depicted as being unnatural because of their ability to prophesise the future. Imagery is used cleverly in many ways by Shakespeare to show the witches in a negative light and add to the dramatic impact. For example, in Act 4 Scene 1, the 1st witch says ‘’round and round the cauldron go, in the poisoned entrails throw’’. This quote emphasizes the popular belief (at the time) that witches chant around their cauldrons which consisted of nauseating ingredients such as rats (creates the image that witches are sick). Also, the witches simultaneously say ‘’double, double toil and trouble, fire burn and cauldron bubble’’, this makes the spell resemble a song more and consequently it increases the dramatic impact. To conclude, the inclusion of the witches in the play undeniably helps to heighten the dramatic impact on a Shakespearean audience. This is mainly because of his successful methods, for example when using pathetic fallacy. Today, however, his masterpiece has not been as popular and effective at creating a negative image of witches because of the enormous change in the public’s view of witches.